Notes

[1] Friedman, C.P., Bliek, R.D., Greer, D.S., Mennin, S.P. et al, Charting the Winds of Change: Evaluating Innovative Medical Curricula, Academic Medicine, January 1990: 8-14. Good well-referenced article on how PBL is expected to improve medical education.

[2] Norman, G.R., Schmidt, H.G., The Psychological Basis of Problem-Based Learning: A review of the Evidence, Academic Medicine, 67 (1992):557-565. Well thought out presentation of major issues in medical education and the evidence for how PBL makes improvements.

[3] Waterman, R.E., Duban, S.L., Mennin, S.P., Kaufman, A., Clinical Problem-Based Learning, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1988. A good example of a textbook showing how to develop PBL approaches to medical education. Written by some of the experts in this approach at the University of New Mexico medical school.

[4] Warner, J.H., The Therapeutic Perspective, Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820-1885, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1986. The definitive text for understanding the philosophical and historical undercurrents of modern medicine which played out in the mid-1800's.

[5] Starr, P., The Social Transformation of American Medicine, Harper Collins Publishers, 1982. The classic. Anyone interested in acupuncture politics or the process of development of a medical profession should read Chapter 3. It is eery how similar the issues of one hundred years ago in biomedicine are to the ones faced in Oriental medicine in America today.

[6] Crozier, R., Traditional Medicine in Modern China: Science, Nationalism, and the Tensions of Cultural Change, Harvard East Asia Series, 1968. This is the standard study on the political aspects of the revival of traditional medicine. See also Sivin, N., Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China, Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1987. The introduction is an insightful and thought-provoking study of many important issues involved in the modern practice of traditional medicine.

[7] Centofanti, M., Carving Out the Next Generation of Physicians, Johns Hopkins Magazine, November 1992:56-59. An example of one institution's self analysis and transformation of their medical curriculum.